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A Case Study Of GBS Mutual Bank Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Definition of bank interest risk Banks can be described as intermediaries between lenders and borrowers. In general, banks accept client funds with varying maturities and lend at different terms as well. Interest rate risk stems from assets and liabilities maturing at different times. There are basically three components under interest risk, which are the margin between the rates earned on assets and paid on liabilities, the repricing potential of assets and liabilities at different points in time, resulting in mismatches in various time frames between assets, liabilities and derivatives, and the period during which these mismatches persist. Banks can theoretically avoid interest rate risk by perfectly matching assets and liabilities by setting the rates on both sides fixed or floating, and thus enjoy a fixed margin. However in reality, the ideal construction of the asset and liability portfolio is dependent on variables such as bank competition as well as the requirements of clients, investors and stakeholders, all of which may affect the composition of the balance sheet. A large portion of private banks revenue stems from net interest income which is generated from the difference between various assets and liabilities that are held in the balance sheet. Th e composition of both interest income and interest expense of the GBS mutual bank are listed in Appendix 1. The relationship between interest rate risk and the yield curve The shape of the yield curve affects banks interest rate risk and liquidity risk exposure. In order to hedge or take advantage of a particular shape in the yield curve, banks may alter the composition of the balance sheet from time to time. The normal yield curve A normal yield curve means long-term securities have higher yields than short-term ones. In order to take advantage of the positively sloping yield curve the bank may alter the structure of its balance sheet by borrowing funds short and lending them long. The banks interest margin and profit will interest at the expense of a decrease in bank liquidity. The inverse yield curve The inverse yield curve represents a lower long-term yields and higher short-term yields. In order to maximize profits, the bank should alter the structure of the balance sheet by borrowing funds long-term and lending short-term. Liquidity of the bank will be increase together with interest margin and profit. However, as the inverse yield curve indicates a changing interest rate structure, banks risk exposure will increase of rates change suddenly which affects net interest income significantly. The flat yield curve While the short-term yield equals the long-term yield, no profit can be made from the mismatching of assets and liabilities. In this scenario interest rate risk is minimized as no returns can be made from restructuring the balance sheet. BUSINESS CIRCUMSTANCE OF GBS MUTUAL BANK AND SOUTH AFRICAN INTEREST RATE CYCLE Background The GBS head office is located in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The bank has branches located in Cape Town, Port Alfred and Port Elizabeth. The bank was formed in 1877 and is regarded one of South Africas oldest financial institutions. It is noted that a large portion of the banks current business activity is derived from home mortgages business. Specific Business Circumstance of GBS Mutual Bank The purpose of this section is going to provide a brief explanation to the GBS business practices. The mutuality of the bank is a feature that differentiates its business activities substantially from other private sector banks and affects its interest rate risk exposure. To be a mutual bank, GBS has a particular business strategy. Firstly, the bank is no shareholders, so the bank is not only owned by its share-depositors. Since this is no shareholders, the GBS is not purely profit driven as other banks. To a certain extent, bank profits are generated primarily to maintain bank reserves and capital adequacy requirements of Reserve Bank of South Africa. Moreover, the GBSs primary source of funds or primary liabilities is bank deposits, while its primary assets or uses of funds are mortgages and asset backed finance. Secondly, the small community banking business and the geographic footprint affect the number and demographic pattern of customers. Hence, the GBS has incorporated a personalized banking service for its customers in order to generate a competitive advantage over other competitors. For example, a large portion of its clients is elderly citizens who prefer high yield deposits. The GBS often quotes rates above those of its competitors in order to retain and attract this type of client. Based on the above banking practices, the GBS use a low risk profile in order to ensure a short-term credit. The profile is that a significant portion of the banks advances is collateralized and in the form of different mortgages such as residential properties, smaller commercial and industrial properties. Also, the bank tries to focus on these types of advances primarily from its previous business structure as a building society. Secondly, due to the regulations of the Mutual Banks Act, the bank is statutorily required to hold an amount of capital of not less than 10% of its risk-based assets as a buffer against losses by depositors. Finally, the experienced m anagement is required to ensure the trade profitably of GBS. In summary, the practices have ensured a short-term credit to GBS. South African Interest Rate Cycle and Term and Structure of Interest Rates: 1996 2007 The down trended of interest rate has been observed in last decade. It is provided a reference to understand the yield curve of South Africa. The repurchase rate and the bank prime lending rate are included in Appendix 2. Based on the data from the reserve bank of South Africa, the yield curve has been deduced and showed in Appendix 3. As mentioned previous, when the difference between the 10-year bond rate and the 91-day Treasury bill rate is positive, the normal yield curve exists where the yield on longer-dated bonds is higher than the yield on short-dated bonds. According to the figure, a positive or upward sloping yield curve occurs during March 1999 May 2002 and September 2003 October 2006. Secondly, when the Treasury bill is negative, the inverse yield curve exists where the yield on short-dated bonds is higher than the yield on long dated bonds. Then, a negatively shaped yield curve occurs during November 1996 March 1999 and June 2002 September 2003. Finally, t he flat yield curve exists where the yield on short-dated bonds is equal to the yield on long-dated bonds. A flat yield curve appears on a number of occasions during 1996 as well as March 1999; June 2002; September 2003 and October 2006. GBS MUTUAL BANK INTERES RATE RISK HEDGING Balance sheet positioning instruments Net interest income smoothing Net interest income is the difference between the interest income received on banks assets and the interest payments on its liabilities, and it is the primary source of banks income. The NII smoothing technique simply relies on the banks ability to reduce the variability of NII caused by the interest rate fluctuation. As the assets of GBS mature faster and therefore reprice faster than its liabilities, it would naturally receive a higher amount of NII during a rising interest rate scenario and a lower amount of NII during falling interest rates, and so the GBS will save larger portions of funds during rising interest rate periods in order to offset losses during periods of declining interest rates and hedge its interest rate risk. Volume strategy A volume strategy is a hedging method to alter the volume or mix of assets and liabilities on the balance sheet by purchasing or selling the required amount of funds in the market. It is similar to NII smoothing which is positioning banks balance sheet toward targeting NII, however, volume strategy relies heavily on bank interest rate forecasts. If the interest rate is increasing, the GBS will naturally be in a position to benefit from its asset sensitive balance sheet. This balance sheet structure can be repositioned by further shortening the maturity structure of its assets and lengthening the maturity structure of its liabilities. During a falling interest rate environment, the GBS should operate in the opposite way. Pricing strategy Banks can position itself advantageously during experienced and forecasted interest rate cycles by adjusting the interest rates quoted to borrowers and lenders and thereby influence the amount of assets and liabilities on its balance sheet. And this is an interest rate pricing strategy. Applying this method, GBS can effectively hedge its interest rate position by increasing rates on short-term deposits and increasing rates on long- term loans when the prevailing interest rate trend is downward sloping. This will increase the volume of short-term deposits due to the higher rate of interest received by customers and reduce the amount of long-term loans as customer interest payments become greater. It must be noted, however, that this strategy may have some practical drawbacks for the GBS. The GBS regards itself as a price-taker in so far as its quoted rates are linked to rates quoted by its larger competitors. Any significant restructuring of interest rates may hamper interest margins and business practices. It is also recognized that a pricing strategy may also take longer to implement due to the intermediary target variables. Moreover, a pricing strategys effectiveness requires substantial customer volume in order to change the structure of the balance sheet. The ideal portfolio The ideal portfolio is a balance sheet positioning strategy that perfectly matches assets and liabilities in terms of maturi ty as well as fixed-rate and floating-rate financial instruments. It can be attained with a combination of the above mentioned balance sheet positioning strategies and the banks ability to buy or sell fixed or floating interest rate financial instruments. During an upward sloping yield curve environment, the GBS can construct a portfolio in the following manner: the GBS can construct a portfolio with long dated fixed-rate liabilities and short-dated floating-rate assets. Conversely, the GBS should hold a portfolio containing short-dated floating-rate liabilities and long-dated fixed rate assets if a downward sloping interest rate environment persists. It is recognized, however, in reality the ideal portfolio construct is virtually impossible as the positioning of the balance sheet and the type of financial instruments held can be dependent on variables such as bank competition as well as the requirements of clients, investors and stakeholders, all of which may affect the compo sition of the balance sheet. Thus banks are naturally exposed to interest rate risk as they have a large variety of assets and liabilities that differ in terms of maturity and repricing frequency. Immunization Immunization refers to the banks ability to match the average duration of the banks balance sheet to the investment horizon. It is important to note that the realized annual return remains constant when the duration is made equal to the holding period. We can verify this in an example in Appendix 4. The bank holds a R100, 000 bond that yields interest payments of 12% paid annually with the maturity of 5 years and the duration of 4. 04 years. Appendix 4 illustrates the effects of immunization under three different interest rate scenarios: an increased rate of 14%, a steady rate of 12% and a lower rate of 10%. The table also provides a fluctuating holding period of 5 years, 4 years and 3 years. It is clear from the example provided is that as long as the duration of 4.04 i s made equal to the holding period of 4 years, the return of 12% is received regardless of the fluctuating interest rate. Therefore, GBS can be able to immunize itself against interest rate risk at either the individual asset class level or the entire portfolio level. By making the duration of the bond or indeed the average duration of the entire portfolio equal to the investment horizon, the GBS can offset its interest rate risk exposure. This is because the rise in the interest rate induces a decline in the market price of the bond/portfolio, while the income earned on the reinvestment of the bond/portfolio rises to offset this amount. The net effect is that the realized return remains constant. Immunization may be a useful tool, but it is also acknowledged immunization does not take convexity into account and may be expensive and time consuming to implement because the GBS will need to continuously rebalance the portfolio in order to match the duration of its instruments to the investment time horizon. Interest rate derivative The Interest rate derivatives provides a viable method for the GBS to hedge its interest, and the use of interest rate derivatives is affected by many aspects, for instance instruments availability, transaction costs and specific GBS business circumstance. The financial derivatives including: securitization, interest rate forwards, interest rate futures, interest rate swaps, interest rate options, interest rate caps, interest rate floors, interest rate collars and hybrid derivatives. First derivative is securitization. The GBS use securitization to reduce the interest risk by moving the longer duration assets and interest rate-sensitivity items off the balance sheet by securitization. Whats more, the securitization allows for the unbundling of risk, which means the unbundled interest rate risk can be sold to a third party or managed by a more competent third party. However, it also has some disadvantages. First, the securitization is extremely complicated to implement. Second , it cost a lot to disseminate interest rate risk effectively. Third, its less likely for an investor to invest in a once-off securitized asset from an issuer. Second kind of interest rate derivatives is interest rate forwards and Interest rate futures. Interest rate forwards can gain the interest rate income after downside period of reduced NIM, it has advantage that you can hedge a position more precisely and it has no liquidity risk with no marginal call. However, it also has some disadvantages that it is more expensive compared to other derivatives and the credit risk is increased. By the use of Interest rate futures, the investor can have long futures position offset the decline in NII. It also has some advantages such as it is ideally suited to smaller financial institutions and it is guaranteed by an exchange, however it also cumbersome when using it. Third kind of derivatives is Interest rate swaps and Interest rate options. The biggest difference of interest rate opti ons is that provides the right, not obligation to GBS. Both of the Interest rate swaps and Interest rate options has disadvantage of sophisticated systems. In addition, as for the interest rate options, pricing process is complex, and premiums may be expensive. Another interest rate derivative is interest rate caps, interest rate floors and interest rate collars. The interest rate caps is not a viable instrument for it place an upper limit to earnings and reduce the potential earning increase when the interest rate increases. However, the interest rate floors is an ideal instrument because it protect the interest rate income when interest rate declines. As regard to interest rate collars, we can buy an interest rate floor at a pre-specified rate and simultaneously sell an interest rate cap to allow the GBS to enforce the contract below the floor strike rate and reduce its interest rate risk exposure. However, since the use of such interest rate contracts is highly administrativel y intensive, we should not exceed a period of three years. Finally is the hybrid derivative, which contains Options on swaps and Options on futures. They are both very expensive and option on swaps is less administrative. However, due to their features, such contracts should not be entered into for a period longer than 12 months. Among the above interest rate derivatives, the most practical ones are interest rate futures and interest rate collars. Interest rate futures is guaranteed and market-to-market. Whats more, since the futures market has high liquidity, the closing-out position is quite simple for investors, which making the futures easily accessible and suited to smaller financial institutions. On the other hand, the interest rate collar sets the cash flows negatively related to the interest rate. For instance, when interest rate decreases, the cash flow from floor purchase increases, and the premium is offset in the process. Consequently, the cash flow structure of in terest rate collar is perfectly suited to the GBS to hedge risk. Retaining the status quo Besides the methods above, another option for the GBS is to retain the business operations with an un-hedged interest rate risk position. There are a number of reasons the current strategy may be retained, including: inducing other risks, other hedging options may be too expensive, requiring a large amount of monitoring and sophisticated systems, or may alter the business structure of the bank unfavorably. GBS MUTUAL BANK ASSET AND LIABILITY COMMITTEE Introduction As mentioned in previous sections, banks face various types of risks such as interest rate risk and liquidity risk. The GBS Asset and Liability Committee (ALCO) was established to manage these risks so as to enhance the banks risk and return structure. This section will provide us an exploration on the functions and organization of the GBS ALCO. Functions of the GBS ALCO The three main functions of the GBS ALCO are interest rate risk measurement, stimulation and interest rate risk management. The purpose of interest rate risk measurement is to quantify the interest rate risk profile of the Bank. Stimulation means the committee will explore the past and recent information in the interest of anticipating future performance and risks in order to constitute business and hedging policies. Interest rate risk management aims to measure, monitor and control its risk. Complicated measurement, adequate monitoring and pricing systems are significant factors for the GBS to appropriately hedge its interest rate risk. Since GBS faces large numbers of risks, it has to assure that hedging policies cover interest rate risk as well as other risks. The GBS has made satisfactory results on hedging risks by utilizing the complex computational systems. However, it is quite costly to use the systems. The current interest rate risk hedging strategy would conform to a p rudent strategy instead of a speculative strategy. By adopting a prudent hedging strategy, the GBS would be able to hedge its interest rate risk partially or entirely by either locking in a certain interest rate over time or just hedging unfavorable interest rate movements. Organization of the GBS ALCO All departments of GBS are encouraged to participate in interest rate risk policies in order to enhance the effectiveness and corporation of hedging risks. Furthermore, the GBS should also integrate the use of external and internal sources of information when establishing its ALCO structure. The Bank can make use of external sources such as macroeconomic indicators (fiscal policy and monetary policy) to forecast the banks internal interest rate. In the mean time, internal sources such as maturity structure, growth forecast, etc. serve as substantial factors for the balance sheet forecast. The GBS currently performs these activities extremely well. It is suggested to carry meetings frequently so as to monitor the GBS interest rate risk exposure. The GBS recently conforms to the following practices. When the market is unstable, meetings can be held daily to provide better supervision on the Banks performance. In contrast, during the normal business situation, meetings can be condu cted less frequently, say four to eight times a month. Moreover, five members who are from different departments across the GBS have formed a risk sub-committee. This improves the communication and effectiveness of risk researches. CONCLUSION This essay focuses on the interest rate risk management by analyzing the GBS mutual bank. It began with a brief description of a banks interest rate risk and its relation to other bank risks. It mainly focused on interest rate risk and the ways to manage these risks. It then started to perform an empirical analysis on a case study of GBS mutual bank. GBS mutual bank specific business circumstance is discussed first, and then followed by an investigation on the South Africa interest rate cycle and term structure of interest rates from 1996 to 2007. Moreover, it is significant to explore the GBS mutual bank interest rate hedging tools which comprise of three elements: balance sheet positioning instruments, interest rate derivatives and retaining the status quo. This essay also suggested two interest rate derivative instruments which are interest rate futures and interest rate collars for the purpose of balance sheet positioning strategies. Last but not least, the functions and organi zation of the GBS mutual bank asset and liability committee are introduced since interest rate risk management is affected by the committee. The GBS ALCO has the power to choose the hedging strategy that suits themselves the most. After investigating the interest rate risk management of the GBS mutual bank, we should have more understanding on interest rate risk, its relative yield curve, structure as well as interest rate risk management. APPENDIX Appendix 1 South African Banks: percentage contribution of interest income and interest expense (average December 2005 Rand Millions) Appendix 2 Interest Rate Cycle (1996-2007) Appendix 3 The 10- year bond rate, the 91-treasury bill rate and the differential (1996-2007) Appendix 4: Impact of Holding Period on Realized Annual Return Bond : R100 000, 12% (annual return) ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Maturity : 5 years ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Duration : 4.04 years ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Holding period Interest rate Bond price after holding period Coupon paid Reinvestment income Total value Realized annual return ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ (% p.a.) (R000) (R000) (R000) (R000) (% p.a.) 5 years 12 100.0 60 16.2 176.2 12.00 ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 10* 100.0 60 13.3 173.3 11.60 ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 14** 100.0 60 19.2 179.2 12.38 4 years 12 100.0 48 9.4 157.4 12.00 ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 10* 101.8 48 7.7 157.5 12.00*** ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 14** 98.2 48 11.1 157.3 12.00*** 3 years 12 100.0 36 4.5 140.5 12.00 ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 10* 103.5 36 3.7 143.2 12.70 ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 14** 96.7 36 5.3 138.0 11.30 * Market rate falls to 10% after first year and remains there ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ** Market rate rises to 14% after first year and remains there ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ *** Approximate ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ÃÆ' £Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬

bell hooks Bringing Feminism to the Dinner Table

bell hooks is a contemporary feminist theorist who deals with issues of race, gender, class, and sexual oppression. Born Gloria Watkins, she took her pen name from her maternal great-grandmother as a way to honor her women ancestors and chose to use lowercase letters to get away from the ego associated with names. She has provided commentary on a wide range of topics from popular culture and writing to self-esteem and teaching. Biography bell hooks was born in Kentucky on September 25, 1952. Her early life was marked by dysfunction. Her father, in particular, represented the fierce oppression she would come to associate with the patriarchy. A need to escape her tumultuous home life was what first led hooks to poetry and writing. This love of the written word would later inspire her to comment on the healing power of critical thinking. In her early years, hooks combined her love of reading with public speaking, often reciting poems and scriptures in her church congregation. Growing up in the south also instilled in her a fear of doing or saying the wrong thing. These early fears almost discouraged her from pursuing her love of writing. She received almost no support from her family, who felt that women were better suited for a more traditional role. The social atmosphere of the then-segregated south added to their discouragement. hooks chose to rebel against this by adopting her great-grandmothers name and creating another self that was linked to female ancestors who were defiant in their need to achieve speech. By creating this other self, hooks empowered herself to fight back against the opposition that surrounded her. First Book hooks began to write her first book, Aint I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism, while she was an undergraduate at Stanford. After receiving her baccalaureate degree in 1973, hooks enrolled in graduate school at the University of Wisconsin, where she earned a Masters in English. She next entered a doctoral program at the University of California at Santa Cruz. For the next few years, hooks worked hard on her dissertation about the novelist Toni Morrison. At the same time, she completed her manuscript of Aint I a Woman and published a book of poetry. College Teaching While seeking a publisher, hooks began teaching and lecturing at various colleges along the West Coast. She finally found a publisher for her book in 1981 and two years later received her doctorate. It took hooks eight years to publish Aint I a Woman, which was part of her efforts to bring the cultural concerns of African American women into the mainstream feminist movement. hooks had long been troubled by the absence of women of color in womens studies courses. Like others before her, hooks found the mainstream feminist movement had focused mostly on the plight of a group of white, college-educated, middle- and upper-class women who had little to no stake in the concerns of women of color. Research and Writing on Women of Color In her research, hooks found that historically, women of color often found themselves in a double-bind. By supporting the suffrage movement, they would have to ignore the racial aspect of womanhood and if they supported the Civil Rights movement, they would be subjected to the same patriarchal order that dogged all women. By shining a light on the racism inherent in the mainstream feminist movement, hooks found herself faced with monumental resistance. Many feminists found her book to be divisive and some questioned its academic integrity due to the absence of footnotes. However, this unorthodox writing style would soon become a trademark of hookss style. She maintains that her method of writing is meant to make her work accessible to everyone, regardless of class, access, and literacy. In her next book, Feminist Theory From Margin to Center, hooks wrote a philosophical work that was grounded in black feminist thought. It was about the need to articulate and recognize a feminist theory of empowerment that was accessible to people of color. In this book, hooks argues that feminists have not succeeded in creating political solidarity with women of different ethnicities or socioeconomic classes. She feels there needs to be a more transformative politics that is not as rooted in Western ideology. hooks has always argued for solidarity: between genders, between races, and between classes. She believes that antimale sentiments reinstitute the ideology that feminism aims to change. hooks states that if there is to be liberation for women, men must also play a role in the struggle to expose, confront, oppose, and transform sexism. Though she has often been accused of being confrontational, hooks has never wavered in her belief that change is a painful and disconcerting process. She continues to believe in the transformative power of language and has become a master at turning private pain into public energy. hooks has always believed that silence is crucial to the ongoing practices of domination. She remains interested in bridging the gap between the public and the private. For hooks, using her status as a public intellectual to link communal voices is a way to educate and empower. Speech, hooks believes, is a way to transform from object to subject. In 1991, hooks collaborated with Cornel West for a book entitled Breaking Bread, which was written as a dialogue. Both were primarily concerned with the notion of a black intellectual life centered in the African American community. They believe rigid lines of separation found in public intellectualism have compromised this intellectual life. hooks argues that black women, in particular, have been silenced as serious critical thinkers. For hooks, this invisibility is both due to institutionalized racism and sexism, which is reflected in black womens lives both inside and outside of the academy. hookss focus on marginality inside and outside of the academy led her to study more closely the nuances of domination found within popular culture. In subsequent works, hooks has critiqued representations of blackness, focusing particularly on gender. hooks continues to produce many books and other writings. She still believes that critical examination is key to gaining self-empowerment and overthrowing systems of domination. In 2004, hooks began teaching as a distinguished professor in residence at Berea College. She continues to be a provocative feminist theorist and still gives lectures. Books and Publications And There We Wept: PoemsAint I a Woman?: Black Women and FeminismFeminist Theory: From Margin to CenterTalking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking BlackYearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural PoliticsBreaking Bread: Insurgent Black Intellectual Life (with Cornel West)Black Looks: Race and RepresentationSisters of the Yam: Black Women and Self-recoveryA Womans Mourning SongTeaching to Transgress: Education As the Practice of FreedomOutlaw Culture: Resisting RepresentationsArt on My Mind: Visual PoliticsKilling Rage: Ending RacismReel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class at the MoviesBone Black: Memories of GirlhoodWounds of Passion: A Writing LifeHappy to be NappyRemembered Rapture: The Writer at WorkAll About Love: New VisionsFeminism is for Everybody: Passionate PoliticsWhere We Stand: Class MattersSalvation: Black People and LoveJustice: Childhood Love LessonsBe Boy BuzzCommunion: The Female Search for LoveHomemade LoveRock My Soul: Black People and Self-esteemThe Will to Change: Men, Masculin ity, and LoveTeaching Community: A Pedagogy of HopeSkin AgainSpaceWe Real Cool: Black Men and MasculinitySoul Sister: Women, Friendship, and FulfillmentWitnessGrump Groan GrowlTeaching Critical Thinking: Practical Wisdom Sources Davis, Amanda. bell hooks. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of African American Literature. Westport (Conn.): Greenwood press, 2005. 787-791. Print.Henderson, Carol E.. bell hooks. Dictionary of Literary Biography: Volume 246. Detroit: Gale Group, 2001. 219-228. Print.Shelton, Pamela L., and Melissa L. Evans. bell hooks. Feminist writers. Detroit: St. James Press, 1996. 237-239. Print.Thompson, Clifford, John Wakeman, and Vineta Colby. bell hooks. World Authors. [Verschiedene Aufl.] ed. New York: Wilson, 1975. 342-346. Print. Suggested Reading: bell hooks Quotes5 Important Books About African American FeminismKey Feminist TheoristsFamous African American WomenFamous Feminists and the History of Feminism

The True Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet - 819 Words

â€Å"What do you want to be when you grow up?† is the question we hear so many times as children. Yet, growing up does not necessarily mean becoming an adult. Rather, growing up is the change within one’s self that is illustrated by a heightened awareness, the ability to think reasonably, and the proficiency to conduct themselves in an appropriate manner. In adolescence, we turn to the adults in our lives to aid us in understanding our choices as we become increasingly responsible for our own actions. During this time in our lives, adults with worldly experience direct us down the path of good judgment in order that we may learn how to make good decisions. They near essential to us, even though not everyone has this advantage. William Shakespeare’s famous and celebrated tragedy, Romeo and Juliet, depicts several instances in which the title characters, though still naà ¯ve, behave more responsibly and maturely than the misguided adult figures in their livesâ₠¬â€œthose of the Houses of Capulet and Montague, especially Juliet’s parents, and the culpable Friar Laurence. The earliest representation of the immature rashness of the Capulets and Montagues occurs at the beginning of the play. Two men of the House of Capulet consciously make the decision to goad a few men of the House of Montague into engaging in combat. Moments after the brawl begins, several Capulets and Montagues rush to join in the fighting without any hesitation or second thoughts. This entire fight scene shows theShow MoreRelatedRomeo and Juliet: A True Tragedy Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesRomeo and Juliet: A True Tragedy An Aristotelian tragedy consists of several different aspects. 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Business Planning & Strategy -Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Is the current wayWestpacreports on sustainability an example of best practice?What, if any, changes do you recommend? Answer: Introduction: Sustainability planning takes of the future uncertainties. Thus, it is a complete process, which an organisation undertakes on in a span of over several months (Baumgartner 2014). The current assignment aims to identify as well as evaluate the most considerable recent or expected developments in sustainability reporting in Australia. After such evaluation, the sustainability strategies at Westpac have been assessed to find out whether the bank has adopted such identified developments to improve its overall sustainability reporting. The final segment of the assignment sheds light on suggesting some sustainability strategies for the bank that would help in improving its overall business performance in the eyes of its stakeholders in future (Neugebauer, Figge and Hahn 2016). Most significant current or expected developments in sustainability reporting: There are numerous existing or expected developments in the global including Australian sustainability reporting strategy, out of which two of the most significant strategies are discussed as follows: Sustainability data exchange: The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has published the upcoming era of corporate disclosure in the form of responsible, interactive and digital disclosures through a digital publication. This depicts an overview of the future sustainability reporting and disclosure (Iasplus.com 2017). As per GRI, the future would take into account new formats with the firms, as they are needed to shift from annual reports to sustainability data exchange. The concentration would be to focus on the primary challenges like human rights and climate change. It has been observed that GRI is involved in producing articles, videos and analysis papers throughout 2015 by interviewing with the business executives and other professionals belonging to different fields and industries and this reporting format is expected to be initiated by the end of 2025 (Lozano 2015). During this period, the organisations and the investors would include the critical sustainability information into the utmost core of their processes of decision-making and definition of strategy. Moreover, the organisations are needed to make additional disclosures about the impact on society and the global natural resources. The stakeholders would find the access to the information about business performance from diverse sources (Benn, Dunphy and Griffiths 2014). Thus, this existing development would be of immense value for the stakeholders, as they could dissect the value creation of the organisations in a more effective and broader manner. Advancement of corporate reporting on sustainable development goals: The collaboration of the GRI and the United Nations Global Compact has initiated SDG Leadership through Reporting. This has been a new initiative in advancing and promoting the corporate reporting on sustainable development goals. The two organisations would work in partnership for creating a list of disclosures in order to track business contributions to the SDGs and a publication would be released on the reporting pertaining to SDG (Orsato et al. 2015). Both the organisations would penetrate into their respective networks for developing multi-stakeholder working groups that take into account leading businesses, reporting experts and data users that would work to modify corporate reporting on SDGs. In addition, these organisations would form partnership with Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI) for enhancing the value of disclosures related to corporate sustainability (Neugebauer, Figge and Hahn 2016). Sustainability strategies at Westpac: According to the sustainability strategy evaluated from the annual report of Westpac, the bank has created a five-year sustainability strategy with three measurable objectives across three broad priority areas (annualreport.westpacgroup.com.au 2017). These objectives take into account the following: Improving the lifestyle of the society and the people: In order to make this strategy a success, Westpac has been involved in partnership with Career Seekers for facilitating paid internships for the refugees and asylum-seekers like mid-career professionals or students. In addition, it has developed a new technique of enabling the culturally diverse customers to gain an insight of the products and services through a statement of product disclosure using more images and diagrams. This matches with the expected development of sustainability data exchange, as Westpac has developed new formats to make additional disclosures to the customers about its products (Christ, Burritt and Varsei 2017). Figure 1: Contribution of Westpac to the society and individuals (Source: 2016annualreport.westpacgroup.com.au 2017) Environmental solutions: Westpac has managed to raise $500 million through the Westpac Climate Bond Issue. The funds accumulated have been distributed to five carbon commercial properties and seven wind energy facilities in compliance with the Climate Bonds Standard (v1). Moreover, the bank has participated to support transition of a clean energy future (Dasgupta and Vaghela 2015). For instance, it has raised the percentage of renewable energy financing from 45% to 59% in the portfolio of overall electricity generation since 2011. Furthermore, it has formed a new program of energy efficiency for its business customers. Verdia, a well-known energy specialist in Australia, has provided assistance to the bank in this program as well. The intention is to provide the business customers with an overview of identifying, funding and installing equipment for enhancing the energy efficiency of their businesses (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). These initiatives match with the sustainability data exchange related to climate change, as Westpac is involved in financing businesses to adopt environmental-friendly solutions. Figure 2: Contribution of Westpac to the environmental concerns (Source: 2016annualreport.westpacgroup.com.au 2017) Better financial future: Westpac has initiated Wealth Review for BT Financial Group in order to help them in obtaining an insight of its financial position and the necessities to accomplish the financial objectives. Moreover, it has launched CashNav, an application for the Kiwi customers in managing spending by automatic categorisation of banking transactions into needs and notifying customers about their spending (Dumay 2016). Furthermore, it has released Financial Inclusion Action Plan in 2016 for enhancing financial access and resilience to fund the individuals going through financial hardship. Thus, it has created additional disclosures in its sustainability performance report about the advancement of corporate reporting on sustainable development goals. However, it has not involved the data users to involve in corporate reporting and thus, this advancement has only been partially achieved (Klettner, Clarke and Boersma 2014). Figure 3: Contribution of Westpac to enhance financial future (Source: 2016annualreport.westpacgroup.com.au 2017) Recommended Sustainability Strategies at Westpac: This segment of the assignment sheds light on suggesting some sustainability strategies for the bank that would help in improving its overall business performance in the eyes of its stakeholders in future. Such recommendations are explained below: Maintaining societal change through analysing the future requirements of aging and culturally diverse consumers is one of the effective sustainability strategies of Westpac Bank. Considering such strategy, the bank focuses on developing services and financial products that supports financial wellbeing increase. The bank should also focus on analysing the physical, market along with regulatory effects of climate change. Effective financial futures strategies are to be developed by Westpac bank in order to offer solutions that can facilitate consumers for adapting with environmental challenges. Considering such strategy the company will consider launching important services or products that can facilitate to respond to several pressures arising from the environmental challenges. Environmental solutions are also recommended for Westpac bank that is focussed on decreasing environmental footprint. The bank must consider offering a range of advice related solutions based on the ways in which consumers might prefer advancing by the banks advice along with private bank businesses. In order to attain sustenance financial futures serves as a different challenge for Westpac bank. Geography and poor infrastructure of the region along with maintaining sustenance livelihoods is resulting in difficult financial inclusion of people. For such reasons, strategy of Westpac Company must be focused on offering access to affordable and basic banking to all its target consumers among which 50% will be women. Moreover, the banks strategy must be maintaining a combination of basic choice account, in-store banking along with developing a new model of financial literacy model. Conclusion: The current assignment intended to identify as well as evaluate the most considerable recent or expected developments in sustainability reporting in Australia. After such evaluation, the sustainability strategies at Westpac have been assessed to find out whether the bank has adopted such identified developments to improve its overall sustainability reporting. It was gathered that as per GRI, the future would take into account new formats with the firms, as they are needed to shift from annual reports to sustainability data exchange. The concentration would be to focus on the primary challenges like human rights and climate change. It was also gathered that in order to make this strategy a success, Westpac has been involved in partnership with Career Seekers for facilitating paid internships for the refugees and asylum-seekers like mid-career professionals or students. In addition, it has developed a new technique of enabling the culturally diverse customers to gain an insight of the products and services through a statement of product disclosure using more images and diagrams. This matches with the expected development of sustainability data exchange, as Westpac has developed new formats to make additional disclosures to the customers about its products. References: Annualreport.westpacgroup.com.au. (2017). [online] Available at: https://2016annualreport.westpacgroup.com.au/ [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017]. Baumgartner, R.J., 2014. Managing corporate sustainability and CSR: A conceptual framework combining values, strategies and instruments contributing to sustainable development.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,21(5), pp.258-271. Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Christ, K.L., Burritt, R.L. and Varsei, M., 2017. Coopetition as a Potential Strategy for Corporate Sustainability.Business Strategy and the Environment. Dasgupta, M. and Vaghela, D., 2015. Integrating Organization Culture with Corporate Sustainability Strategy: A Review. Dumay, J., 2016. A critical reflection on the future of intellectual capital: from reporting to disclosure.Journal of Intellectual capital,17(1), pp.168-184. Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Iasplus.com. (2017).Recent sustainability reporting developments. [online] Available at: https://www.iasplus.com/en/news/2016/03/sustainability [Accessed 28 Aug. 2017]. Klettner, A., Clarke, T. and Boersma, M., 2014. The governance of corporate sustainability: Empirical insights into the development, leadership and implementation of responsible business strategy.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), pp.145-165. Lozano, R., 2015. A holistic perspective on corporate sustainability drivers.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(1), pp.32-44. Neugebauer, F., Figge, F. and Hahn, T., 2016. Planned or emergent strategy making? Exploring the formation of corporate sustainability strategies.Business strategy and the environment,25(5), pp.323-336. Orsato, R.J., Garcia, A., Mendes-Da-Silva, W., Simonetti, R. and Monzoni, M., 2015. Sustainability indexes: why join in? A study of the Corporate Sustainability Index (ISE)in Brazil.Journal of Cleaner Production,96, pp.161-170.

Catch 22 Essay Topics That You Need to Know

Catch 22 Essay Topics That You Need to KnowHave you ever faced a dilemma like the one presented in this article? You start to write something and end up having to change it. It is quite common to have to do that. It is something you should not worry about though, you can still write your Catch 22 essay topics without having to change them.The main problem with the topic is that you just cannot come up with anything new. The second problem is that you need to use logic to make your essay interesting.This is the reason why you must be prepared to use logic when you are writing about a certain topic. There are several other techniques as well to make your essay interesting.Remember that there is a difference between writing a literary masterpiece and writing something that will be published in one or two college papers. It is possible to write a masterpiece by using proper research and knowledge of the subject.Catch 22 essays are written so that they will not be able to get a high grade on the required papers. Some colleges even punish you if you write a catch 22 essay. A catch 22 essay needs to be used properly to get the best result from it.Catch 22 essays are extremely popular among college students because they are easy to write. Since they are designed to give a low grade, students don't need to worry about whether their essay is interesting.When you are trying to get an A in your college, you will have to revise a lot of work. The idea is to use your time efficiently. It is important that you are able to stay fresh in your mind so that you are able to do it effectively.Writing catch 22 essay topics will help you gain some time to rest and relax. You can use the time to revise your writing skills and give your assignment a perfect shape. Since you are already familiar with how to come up with good topics, you will also be able to create something that will make an impression on your readers.

Minor Electrico Argumentative Essay Help Topics

Minor Electrico Argumentative Essay Help TopicsThere are many ways to improve your writing skills with minor electrical argumentative essay help topics. However, if you need a bit of help with writing, here are some of the major argumentative essay help topics that would be suitable for your major paper.Medical students often find that their writing skills start to get a little rusty while studying the material of their classes. If this is the case, you may want to use one of the arguments to help improve your writing abilities. Here are a few to consider.One argumentative essay help topic to consider would be to write an article or paper on the history of acupuncture. You can make a lot of good points and arguments about why acupuncture is a good choice for improving a person's health. If you follow these arguments in writing, you will have the opportunity to discuss what is known as the pain acupressure.This article will give you the chance to set the record straight regarding the history of acupuncture and its place in medicine. There are some people who believe that the negative effects of acupuncture are not well documented and that they are being used to justify more harmful practices. In other words, acupuncture may not be a good way to improve health.The next good argument is to examine the idea of confirmation bias. You may notice that many of the people who would be able to make a reasonable argument against acupuncture are the same people who will be the ones to defend it in print. This means that your arguments will be much more likely to gain acceptance if you take care to select those who share your belief that acupuncture has been overused.The next electrico argumentative essay help topics for medical students would be a look at the use of acupuncture in modern medicine. If you do decide to look into the history of acupuncture, you may want to use the arguments in this area to make a strong case against the use of acupuncture in modern medicine.F inal argumentative essay help topics for medical students would be to look at how acupuncture and other alternative forms of medicine are working for you. You may also want to take this opportunity to present your case that more research needs to be done before any conclusions are drawn. This is a great way to show the importance of your major electrico argumentative essay help topics.